基于线性叠加的智能船舶经济性评估模型构建

经济性是智能船舶能否实现推广应用的关键,目前国内外有关智能船舶经济性分析的研究较少。本文通过对传统船舶经济性分析方法进行修正优化,提出智能船舶经济性分析计算模型,并根据理论推导结果,得出智能船舶经济性分析的线性叠加简化模型,并利用40万吨级VLOC实际运营数据进行科学性检验。本文提出的模型与方法适用于各类智能模块加装情况下的经济性核算,为相关单位开展智能船舶经济性快速分析提供了理论支持和解决方案。     

智能新能源船舶的概念及关键技术

绿色和智能是当前船舶技术的发展趋势。文章首先提出了智能新能源船舶的概念,并介绍了智能新能源船舶的内涵、特点和系统构成;然后,从船舶航行、动力和推进3个方面分析了智能新能源船舶的关键技术;最后,对智能新能源船舶的未来发展进行展望。研究结果可为船舶的创新研究提供技术支持,引领船舶技术转型升级的发展方向。     

新型零航速矢量减摇系统研究

针对海洋科研平台、科考船等减摇系统的快速响应性工作需求,在螺旋桨推进器基础上开发了一种零航速矢量减摇系统。本文介绍系统机构设计及其工作原理,结合耐波性计算分析获取船舶横摇规律,采用滑台搭载重物往复移动方式,模拟船舶规则横摇以获得规则波实验条件,并通过船模实验验证该减摇装置作用下的船舶横摇减摇效果。零航速规则波模拟实验研究表明,该减摇装置具有可控性强、易改装的特点,能够大幅提高船舶的耐波性,为后续工程试验船舶上安装该减摇系统奠定理论与实验基础。     

Economic and ecological optimization of electric bus charging considering variable electricity prices and CO2eq intensities

In many cities, diesel buses are being replaced by electric buses with the aim of reducing local emissions and thus improving air quality. The protection of the environment and the health of the population is the highest priority of our society. For the transport companies that operate these buses, not only ecological issues but also economic issues are of great importance. Due to the high purchase costs of electric buses compared to conventional buses, operators are forced to use electric vehicles in a targeted manner in order to ensure amortization over the service life of the vehicles. A compromise between ecology and economy must be found in order to both protect the environment and ensure economical operation of the buses.In this study, we present a new methodology for optimizing the vehicles’ charging time as a function of the parameters CO_2eq emissions and electricity costs. Based on recorded driving profiles in daily bus operation, the energy demands of conventional and electric buses are calculated for the passenger transportation in the city of Aachen in 2017. Different charging scenarios are defined to analyze the influence of the temporal variability of CO_2eq intensity and electricity price on the environmental impact and economy of the bus. For every individual day of a year, charging periods with the lowest and highest costs and emissions are identified and recommendations for daily bus operation are made. To enable both the ecological and economical operation of the bus, the parameters of electricity price and CO₂ are weighted differently, and several charging periods are proposed, taking into account the priorities previously set. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of selected parameters and to derive recommendations for improving the ecological and economic balance of the battery-powered electric vehicle.In all scenarios, the optimization of the charging period results in energy cost savings of a maximum of 13.6% compared to charging at a fixed electricity price. The savings potential of CO_2eq emissions is similar, at 14.9%. From an economic point of view, charging between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. results in the lowest energy costs on average. The CO_2eq intensity is also low in this period, but midday charging leads to the largest savings in CO_2eq emissions. From a life cycle perspective, the electric bus is not economically competitive with the conventional bus. However, from an ecological point of view, the electric bus saves on average 37.5% CO_2eq emissions over its service life compared to the diesel bus. The reduction potential is maximized if the electric vehicle exclusively consumes electricity from solar and wind power.     

考虑高铁客运产品间交叉弹性的动态票价策略

将由特定高铁列车所提供的起讫点间的旅客运输服务定义为单个高铁客运产品。随着高速铁路越来越"公交化",同一起讫点间客运产品间的可替代性越来越强,票价的调整有了更精细化的要求。用经济学中的交叉弹性理论描述客运产品间的可替代程度,用指数需求函数描述客运产品的需求与票价的关系,构建并求解高铁动态票价优化模型,对客运产品间不同可替代程度下的最优动态票价策略进行研究。结果显示:高铁客运产品间的可替代性会影响票价策略的选择,且客运产品间可替代程度的增加是否有利于客票收益的提高与可行折扣票价集合的选取有关。     

多模式交通环境下上海居民职住选择行为

随着城市尺度不断扩张,由职住分离带来的长距离、长时间通勤交通问题日益严重。为研究多模式交通环境上海居民职住位置选择行为及其影响因素,基于网络问卷调查数据、上海市路网数据及房价数据,构建方式选择与目的地选择联合模型,按照选择次序,分析各出行方式的服务水平和房价等变量对居住地和工作地的选择影响。结果表明,居民倾向于选择通勤距离近、交通可达性良好、房价低和人文生活环境较好的小区工作生活,同时年长者和低收入群体对通勤距离和房价更敏感。     

内河船舶生活污水处理若干问题及建议

该文结合新发布的《内河船舶法定检验技术法规(2019)》等法规内容,就内河船舶生活污水对水域环境的影响,对目前生活污水处理所使用的技术和方法进行简单分析,指出现实存在的一些问题,并针对性地提出了防治建议。     

大型船舶钨极氩弧重熔工艺应用

疲劳破坏是船体结构的主要破坏形式之一。改进结构节点的设计和施工工艺,可保证船体结构中受交变载荷作用的构件有足够的疲劳寿命。钨极氩弧(Tungsten Inert Gas, TIG)重熔是改善结构节点焊后疲劳强度的有效方法。与目前船上常用的几种改善疲劳强度的方法进行分析对比,对TIG重熔工艺的重要性进行充分论证,获得实施TIG重熔工艺的技术标准和操作要点。TIG重熔工艺不仅改善结构节点疲劳强度,而且为建造具有较长疲劳寿命的大型船舶找到一个行之有效的方法,可产生良好的经济和社会效益。     

三种减少直流断路器的船舶中压直流电网拓扑结构及性能比较

为保护整流变换器及减少短路时电网中电容放电的影响,船舶中压直流电网中存在大量断路器,造成结构复杂成本高,为此本文提出三种结构的变换器,即基于级联H桥与多端DC/DC的结构(TMPDC),基于MMC整流与逆变的多级调压结构(MVR)和基于不控整流与模块化多电平变换器(MMC)驱动负载结合的结构(UR-MMC)。本文对三种结构的组成与特点进行了分析,并在电压谐波,功耗,体积,故障特性等方面进行了比较,最后通过仿真进一步阐述了不同结构在运行波形上的差异。通过各结构的特性分析,为中压直流电网在船舶上的应用提供了参考。     

一种内河船舶吃水检测系统设计

船舶在通过船闸和升船机等通航设施时因超吃水会导致安全事故,目前常见的船舶吃水检测方法均存在弊端,无法满足检测需求。结合超声波衍射原理,设计一种基于侧扫单波束阵列的吃水检测系统,详细介绍该系统的组成及功能,并在葛洲坝船闸进行安装和测试。结果表明,该系统具有水质适应性强、易于安装、维护方便等优点,能够有效检测船舶动态吃水,测量值与实际核实吃水值的标准差小于0. 086 m,对过闸船舶具有一定的预警作用。